1. This chapter begins with a historical story about West Nile Fever. Review the material and add it to what you learned about WNF in Ch. 15.
2. Explain the difference between infection and disease. Tell the relationship between human health and infectious disease worldwide.
3. Define the concept of microbiota and indicate where microbiota may be located in the body as well as those parts of the body where we do not expect to find them. Define symbiosis and give examples of mutualism and commensalism. Describe the colonization of the newborn with its lifelong microbiota
4. Compare pathogenicity and virulence, and show how microorganisms vary in their virulence. Tell the relationship between pathogenicity islands and virulence. Define and give examples of polymicrobial diseases.
5. Define and give examples of the following: exogenous and endogenous infections, opportunistic infections, primary and secondary infections, local and systemic diseases, bacteremia, septicemia, fungemia, viremia and parasitemia.
6. List and describe the five major periods that can be defined in the progress of disease. Contrast acute to chronic and give examples of both types of diseases.
7. Study Figure 18.7 and review the events leading to establishment of disease. Define portal of entry and explain the role of infectious dose and adhesions in the establishment of disease. List six portals of entry and six portals of exit.
8. Define invasiveness. Phagocytosis is generally thought of as a means of host defense against microbes. Explain how Listeria uses phagocytosis to enhance its pathogenicity.
9. List five enzymes and describe how they are used by microbes to increase invasiveness.
10. Define toxin, toxigenicity, toxemia, intoxicated, toxoid and endotoxin shock. Contrast exotoxins and endotoxins as to location in the microbe, chemical composition, whether antibodies are formed in response to the toxin, possible conversion to a toxoid, and effects.
11. Contrast the terms communicable, noncommunicable and contagious. Give examples of direct and indirect methods of transmitting disease. Define fomites and give examples. Differentiate between respiratory droplets and aerosols and between mechanical and biological vectors.
12. Identify different reservoirs of disease transmission including carriers.
13. Contrast the terms endemic, epidemic, pandemic, and outbreak. Give examples.
14. Define HAIs and nosocomial infections. According to the CDC, what three bacterial species are most responsible for nosocomial infections? Describe the five universal precautions and tell how they limit the chain of transmission.
15. Differentiate between emergent and resurgent infectious diseases. What factors drive these diseases? Tell the full name of the CDC and name its weekly publication.
16. Recent outbreaks of MRSA in schools have lead to school closure and “scrubdowns.” What does the study of ambulances suggest about the success of such cleaning?
17. What do epidemiological studies suggest about transmission of air-borne pathogens on airlines?
18. Explain how proponents of Darwinian medicine might disagree with makers of over-the-counter medicines to relieve flu symptoms.
19. Compare the terms bioterrorism and biocrime and give examples of each. Explain why biological weapons are called the Poor Nation’s Equalizer. List Category A agents we have mentioned in this course. Tell what steps are being taken in response to the bioterrorist threat.
12. Visit http://microbiology.jbpub.com/8e/index.cfm and look for relevant info.